@proceedings {648520,
	title = {High-precision estimation of random walks in small space},
	journal = {61st Annual IEEE Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 2020)},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1295-1306},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {
	Version History:\&nbsp;



	arXiv version (2019):\&nbsp;http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04524



	Published version (2020):\&nbsp;https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9317933



	Updated version (Mar 2022): https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04524 (contains corrections to analysis of derandomized square in proof of Thm 5.9)



	\&nbsp;



	Talks:\&nbsp;View\&nbsp;a talk on this paper\&nbsp;presented by by John Peebles at FOCS 2020.



	\&nbsp;



	In this paper, we provide a deterministic\&nbsp;\(\tilde{O}(\log N)\)-space algorithm for estimating the random walk probabilities on Eulerian directed graphs (and thus also undirected graphs) to within inverse polynomial additive error \((ϵ = 1/\mathrm{poly}(N)) \)\&nbsp;where\&nbsp;\(N\)\&nbsp;is the length of the input. Previously, this problem was known to be solvable by a randomized algorithm using space\&nbsp;\(O (\log N)\)\&nbsp;(Aleliunas et al., FOCS {\textquoteright}79) and by a deterministic algorithm using space\&nbsp;\(O (\log^{3/2} N)\)\&nbsp;(Saks and Zhou, FOCS {\textquoteright}95 and JCSS {\textquoteright}99), both of which held for arbitrary directed graphs but had not been improved even for undirected graphs. We also give improvements on the space complexity of both of these previous algorithms for non-Eulerian directed graphs when the error is negligible \((ϵ=1/N^{ω(1)})\), generalizing what Hoza and Zuckerman (FOCS {\textquoteright}18) recently showed for the special case of distinguishing whether a random walk probability is\&nbsp;0\&nbsp;or greater than\&nbsp;ϵ.



	We achieve these results by giving new reductions between powering Eulerian random-walk matrices and inverting Eulerian Laplacian matrices, providing a new notion of spectral approximation for Eulerian graphs that is preserved under powering, and giving the first deterministic\&nbsp;\(\tilde{O}(\log N)\)-space algorithm for inverting Eulerian Laplacian matrices. The latter algorithm builds on the work of Murtagh et al. (FOCS {\textquoteright}17) that gave a deterministic\&nbsp;\(\tilde{O}(\log N)\)-space algorithm for inverting undirected Laplacian matrices, and the work of Cohen et al. (FOCS {\textquoteright}19) that gave a randomized\&nbsp;\(\tilde{O} (N)\)-time algorithm for inverting Eulerian Laplacian matrices. A running theme throughout these contributions is an analysis of "cycle-lifted graphs," where we take a graph and "lift" it to a new graph whose adjacency matrix is the tensor product of the original adjacency matrix and a directed cycle (or variants of one).

},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9317933},
	author = {AmirMahdi Ahmadinejad and Kelner, Jonathan and Jack Murtagh and John Peebles and Aaron Sidford and Salil Vadhan}
}
